Childhood's Echo: Why We Believe in an Afterlife
Surprisingly, difficult childhood experiences like abuse or feeling like an outsider can make a person more likely to believe in life after death.
Childhood predictors of religious reading: a cross-national analysis in the Global Flourishing Study
Attending religious services during childhood is the single strongest predictor of whether an individual will read or listen to sacred texts in adulthood.
A positive relationship with one's father, as well as adverse experiences like childhood abuse or feeling like an outsider, are also associated with a higher likelihood of religious reading as an adult.
The influence of childhood experiences on adult religious reading varies significantly across different countries, indicating that cultural context plays a crucial role in shaping these behaviors.
This research gives us a profound look into how private faith develops. For billions of people, personal religious practice is a cornerstone of life, and this study shows its roots often lie in childhood socialization—especially the simple act of attending services. This is a key insight for parents, faith leaders, and communities seeking to pass on their traditions.
“Our spiritual lives are shaped in childhood, both by community rituals and by our deepest personal struggles.”
Furthermore, the discovery that childhood adversity, like abuse or social exclusion, is linked to *more* religious reading is critical. It suggests that sacred texts can be a powerful coping mechanism and a source of resilience for those navigating trauma. This has important implications for mental health professionals and pastoral caregivers, highlighting a resource people may turn to for healing and hope.
Finally, by looking at 22 diverse countries, the study reminds us that while some patterns are global, the journey of faith is also deeply personal and culturally specific. Understanding these different paths is essential for a more compassionate and complete picture of human spirituality worldwide.
“Our spiritual lives are shaped in childhood, both by community rituals and by our deepest personal struggles.”
Where do our private spiritual habits come from? For many, practices like reading sacred texts or listening to religious literature are a deep source of comfort and guidance. To understand the origins of this habit, a massive global study asked over 200,000 people from 22 different countries about their lives.
“The simple act of attending religious services as a child is the strongest predictor of a person's private spiritual reading later in life.”
Researchers compared their current religious reading habits with their experiences back when they were around 12 years old. The findings were powerful. The single biggest predictor of reading sacred texts as an adult was attending religious services as a child. People who went to services at least once a week as kids were over two and a half times more likely to engage in religious reading as adults compared to those who never went.
Other childhood factors also played a role. Having a good relationship with one’s father and being in excellent health as a child were both linked to more religious reading later in life. More surprisingly, the study found that adversity could also point people toward scripture. Those who experienced abuse or felt like an outsider growing up were also more likely to read sacred texts as adults. This suggests that for some, religious texts may serve as a vital source of comfort, meaning, or belonging in the wake of trauma and isolation.
Interestingly, factors like a family’s financial status or parents' marital status didn't show a strong, consistent link across the globe. The story of our spiritual lives is written in childhood, shaped by our communities, our families, and even our deepest struggles.
Adults who attended religious services at least weekly during childhood are over two and a half times more likely to read or listen to sacred texts compared to those who never attended.
Across the 22 countries surveyed, 41% of adults reported attending religious services at least once per week during their childhood.
Adults aged 70-79 are 1.23 times more likely to engage in religious reading or listening compared to those aged 18-24.
In a diverse sample from 22 countries, 14% of respondents reported experiencing abuse during their childhood.
Weziak-Bialowolska, D., Cowden, R. G., Bialowolski, P., Bradshaw, M., Padgett, R. N., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025). Childhood predictors of religious reading: a cross-national analysis in the Global Flourishing Study. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-10142-7
Surprisingly, difficult childhood experiences like abuse or feeling like an outsider can make a person more likely to believe in life after death.
In some countries, having poor health as a child is linked to experiencing more inner peace as an adult.
What if childhood poverty, trauma, and family breakups have almost no universal link to adult religious belief?
Attending religious services just once a week as a child nearly doubles your likelihood of praying or meditating daily as an adult.
People in some of the world's poorest nations report experiencing more beauty than those in the wealthiest.
Why are Filipinos happier than average despite having less money?