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Religion & Spirituality20258 min read

The Secret to Inner Peace Starts in Childhood

An exploratory cross-national analysis of the childhood predictors of inner peace in the Global Flourishing Study

Notable finding

In Nigeria, poor childhood health was associated with 19% higher adult inner peace

By
Lomas, Tim et al.
Participants
202,898
Countries
22
Journal
Scientific Reports
DOI
10.1038/s41598-024-83353-z
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§1

Key Takeaways

01

In a pooled analysis across 22 countries, recalled childhood self-rated health was the strongest predictor of adult inner peace, with excellent health associated with higher inner peace and poor health associated with lower inner peace compared to good health.

02

The associations between childhood experiences and adult inner peace varied considerably by country, with some nations showing opposite patterns, such as poor childhood health being associated with higher adult inner peace in Nigeria.

03

Most observed associations between childhood factors and adult inner peace were moderately robust to potential unmeasured confounding, with the effect of poor childhood health remaining stable up to an unmeasured confounder association risk ratio of 1.36.

§2

Why It Matters

The path to long-term mental health is not universal; it requires a deep understanding of a child's specific cultural world.

This research matters because inner peace has been largely overlooked in scientific studies, which tend to focus on more visible emotions like happiness or excitement. Inner peace is a quieter, calmer kind of well-being that may be valued differently across cultures — historically more appreciated in Eastern traditions than Western ones. By showing that childhood experiences — especially health, family relationships, and financial security — are related to inner peace decades later, this study extends what we know about the long shadow of childhood. It also reveals that these relationships are not universal. What helps or hurts inner peace in one country may look very different in another, which means mental health support and childhood interventions may need to be tailored to local cultural contexts rather than applied as one-size-fits-all. For healthcare providers, educators, and policymakers, the message is that investing in children's health and family stability may pay dividends not just in physical or academic outcomes, but in a deeper, quieter kind of well-being that lasts a lifetime. The surprising country-level differences — like poor childhood health being linked to more peace in Nigeria — also open important questions about resilience and cultural meaning that deserve further exploration.

This research matters because inner peace has been largely overlooked in scientific studies, which tend to focus on more visible emotions like happiness or excitement. Inner peace is a quieter, calmer kind of well-being that may be valued differently across cultures — historically more appreciated in Eastern traditions than Western ones. By showing that childhood experiences — especially health, family relationships, and financial security — are related to inner peace decades later, this study extends what we know about the long shadow of childhood. It also reveals that these relationships are not universal. What helps or hurts inner peace in one country may look very different in another, which means mental health support and childhood interventions may need to be tailored to local cultural contexts rather than applied as one-size-fits-all. For healthcare providers, educators, and policymakers, the message is that investing in children's health and family stability may pay dividends not just in physical or academic outcomes, but in a deeper, quieter kind of well-being that lasts a lifetime. The surprising country-level differences — like poor childhood health being linked to more peace in Nigeria — also open important questions about resilience and cultural meaning that deserve further exploration.

The path to long-term mental health is not universal; it requires a deep understanding of a child's specific cultural world.

§3

The Story

Have you ever wondered whether the way you grew up affects how peaceful you feel inside as an adult? Researchers asked over 200,000 people across 22 countries a simple question: "In general, how often do you feel you are at peace with your thoughts and feelings?" Then they looked back at 13 different things about each person's childhood — like their health, their relationships with their parents, their family's finances, whether they experienced abuse, and how often they attended religious services.

The path to inner peace is not one-size-fits-all; an event like parental divorce can have opposite effects in different cultures.

What they found was striking. Almost every childhood factor they examined was related to how much inner peace people reported as adults. The strongest factor was childhood health. People who said their health growing up was "excellent" were about 7% more likely to report inner peace as adults compared to those who said it was just "good."

People who said their health was "poor" were about 7% less likely. Having a good relationship with your mother and father, growing up in a family that lived comfortably financially, and attending religious services more often were all associated with more inner peace later in life. Experiencing abuse or feeling like an outsider in your own family growing up was associated with less. But here's where it gets really interesting: these patterns were not the same everywhere. In most countries, poor childhood health meant less adult inner peace.

But in Nigeria, people with poor childhood health were actually 19% more likely to report inner peace than those with good health. In Turkey, the gap was even wider in the opposite direction — poor childhood health was strongly linked to less peace. The researchers also found that older adults tended to report more inner peace than younger ones, with people over 80 being 19% more likely to feel at peace compared to 18-to-24-year-olds. The only childhood factor that had no significant relationship with adult inner peace at all was immigration status — whether you were born in the country where you now live didn't seem to matter.

Figure
1.07x
Excellent Childhood Health and Inner Peace

People who reported excellent health growing up were 1.07 times more likely to have inner peace in adulthood compared to those who reported good health.

Figure
0.37 to 1.19
Country Variation in Poor Childhood Health

The risk ratio for the association between poor childhood health and adult inner peace ranged from 0.37 in Turkey to 1.19 in Nigeria, relative to good health.

Figure
1.36
Robustness of Poor Childhood Health Effect

The association between poor childhood health and adult inner peace was robust up to an unmeasured confounder association risk ratio of 1.36 with both the predictor and the outcome.

Figure
0.94
Childhood Abuse and Adult Inner Peace

Experiencing abuse during childhood was associated with a lower likelihood of having inner peace in adulthood, with a risk ratio of 0.94 compared to those who did not experience abuse.

Figures
1.07x
Excellent Childhood Health and Inner Peace

People who reported excellent health growing up were 1.07 times more likely to have inner peace in adulthood compared to those who reported good health.

0.37 to 1.19
Country Variation in Poor Childhood Health

The risk ratio for the association between poor childhood health and adult inner peace ranged from 0.37 in Turkey to 1.19 in Nigeria, relative to good health.

1.36
Robustness of Poor Childhood Health Effect

The association between poor childhood health and adult inner peace was robust up to an unmeasured confounder association risk ratio of 1.36 with both the predictor and the outcome.

0.94
Childhood Abuse and Adult Inner Peace

Experiencing abuse during childhood was associated with a lower likelihood of having inner peace in adulthood, with a risk ratio of 0.94 compared to those who did not experience abuse.

§4

Reader Questions

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Research Details
& Citation

Chat with this paper
Published
2025
Journal
Scientific Reports
Participants
202,898
Countries
22
Cite this paper
Lomas, T., Noah Padgett, R., Ritchie-Dunham, J. L., Lee, M. T., Pawelski, J. O., Shiba, K., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025). An exploratory cross-national analysis of the childhood predictors of inner peace in the Global Flourishing Study. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-83353-z
Tags
peacechildhoodrelationship-qualityphysical-healthreligion-spiritualitycross-cultural
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