Does Religion Still Guide Our Lives?
In Indonesia, 94% of people say religion guides their whole life, but in Japan, that number is only 7%.
The Prevalence and Predictors of Experiences of Beauty in 22 Countries: An International Assessment of Aesthetic Appreciation in the Global Flourishing Study
Experiences of beauty varied dramatically across 22 countries, from 90% in South Africa and Nigeria to just 44% in Japan, with most demographic and childhood trends not being universal but subject to considerable socio-cultural variation.
Education was the strongest demographic factor associated with experiences of beauty, with higher education levels associated with a greater likelihood of reporting beauty, while childhood religious service attendance was the strongest childhood factor associated with adult experiences of beauty.
Some childhood factors typically regarded as negative, including abuse, were associated with higher adult experiences of beauty, suggesting that the capacity to appreciate beauty may have complex roots potentially involving forms of suffering that make people more open and sensitive to the world.
This research matters because it reveals how unevenly people experience something as fundamental as beauty. If nearly everyone in one country regularly notices beauty while barely half do in another, that gap deserves attention. It suggests that beauty is not just a personal trait — it is connected to education, culture, religion, and life history in ways we are only beginning to understand.
The capacity to find beauty is a vital part of human flourishing, offering a new way to think about resilience and healing from trauma.
For policymakers and educators, the strong connection between education and beauty experiences points to a potential benefit of schooling that goes beyond jobs and income. Schools may help people develop the capacity to notice and appreciate beauty throughout their lives.
For mental health professionals, the finding that difficult childhood experiences — including abuse — were associated with higher beauty perception raises important questions. It does not mean adversity is good, but it suggests some people who have suffered may develop heightened sensitivity that includes an ability to perceive beauty.
Most importantly, the massive cross-cultural variation warns against assuming that findings from one country — especially Western ones like the United States — apply everywhere. Any effort to promote well-being through beauty and the arts needs to be tailored to local cultural contexts.
The capacity to find beauty is a vital part of human flourishing, offering a new way to think about resilience and healing from trauma.
What makes someone notice beauty in everyday life? Researchers asked over 131,000 people across 22 countries a simple question: "Do you regularly experience things that you consider beautiful?" The answers were eye-opening.
Surprisingly, some childhood hardships are linked to a greater appreciation of beauty, suggesting a complex path to a rich inner life.
In South Africa and Nigeria, about 90% of people said yes. In Japan, only 44% did. That is a huge gap. It shows that experiencing beauty is not just about what is around you — it is shaped by culture, upbringing, and personal history.
The researchers looked at many factors. Education stood out: people with 16 or more years of schooling were more likely to report beauty than those with eight or fewer years (83% versus 70%). Younger people tended to report more beauty than older adults. Students topped the list among employment groups at 83%. Religion was also relevant.
People who attended religious services more than once a week had the highest rates of beauty experiences (82%), compared to 73% among those who never attended. And childhood religious attendance mattered too — people who went to services weekly as kids were more likely to experience beauty as adults. Then came a surprise. People who reported being abused as children were slightly more likely to report experiencing beauty as adults. The researchers were careful to note this does not mean abuse has an "upside." But it suggests that suffering might sometimes make people more sensitive and open to the world in ways that include noticing beauty. Similar patterns showed up for other difficult childhood experiences, like having parents who divorced or died. Gender made almost no difference — men and women reported beauty at nearly identical rates. But here is the catch: almost none of these patterns held everywhere. What was true in one country was often untrue in another. The study reminds us that beauty is deeply personal, but also deeply cultural — and that we cannot assume what is true in one part of the world applies everywhere.
South Africa and Nigeria had the highest proportions of respondents reporting regular experiences of beauty, with 90% in each country.
The proportion of people reporting experiences of beauty was 13 percentage points higher among those with 16 or more years of education compared to those with up to 8 years of education (83% versus 70%).
People who attended religious services at least weekly around age 12 were 1.07 times as likely to report experiences of beauty as adults compared to those who never attended.
The proportion of people reporting experiences of beauty in the highest-ranked countries (South Africa and Nigeria at 90%) was approximately twice that of the lowest-ranked country (Japan at 44%).
In Indonesia, 94% of people say religion guides their whole life, but in Japan, that number is only 7%.
Surprisingly, difficult childhood experiences like abuse or feeling like an outsider can make a person more likely to believe in life after death.
Across 22 countries, belief in God, gods, or spiritual forces ranges from a staggering 100% in Egypt to just 20% in Japan.
Surprisingly, difficult childhoods—including experiences of abuse or feeling like an outsider—can lead to a greater engagement with sacred texts in adulthood.
What if childhood poverty, trauma, and family breakups have almost no universal link to adult religious belief?
People in Indonesia report feeling far more grateful than people in Japan, revealing vast cultural differences in this powerful emotion.