Why We Believe: A Global Story of Faith
What if childhood poverty, trauma, and family breakups have almost no universal link to adult religious belief?
Sociodemographic Variation in Gratitude Using a Cross-National Analysis with 22 Countries
Gratitude scores varied substantially across 22 countries, with Indonesia reporting the highest mean gratitude and Japan reporting the lowest on a 0-to-10 scale.
When pooled across countries, older individuals, women, married individuals, those with 16 or more years of education, retired or self-employed individuals, immigrants, and those attending religious services more than once a week reported the highest mean gratitude within their respective demographic categories.
The pattern of sociodemographic differences in gratitude varied across countries, suggesting that cultural and sociocultural contexts shape how gratitude is distributed within populations.
Mapping global gratitude allows us to build public health strategies that help people and societies flourish.
This research matters because it gives us the first large-scale, nationally representative picture of gratitude across diverse countries. Before this study, most cross-cultural gratitude research relied on small or convenience samples that might not reflect real populations. By surveying over 200,000 people with nationally representative sampling, researchers can now identify which groups tend to report lower gratitude — younger people, men, the unemployed, those who are single or divorced, and people who don't attend religious services. These findings could help public health programs target gratitude-building efforts where they may be most needed. The study also highlights that one-size-fits-all approaches won't work: what predicts gratitude in one country may not apply in another. As future waves of data arrive, researchers will be able to track how gratitude changes over time and whether interventions are working. For a trait linked to better mental health, physical health, and social connection, understanding who has it — and who doesn't — is a meaningful step toward helping more people experience it.
Mapping global gratitude allows us to build public health strategies that help people and societies flourish.
Have you ever wondered who feels the most gratitude in life? Researchers asked over 200,000 people across 22 countries a simple question: if you had to list everything you felt grateful for, would it be a very long list? People answered on a scale from 0 to 10.
The single most powerful predictor of gratitude across the world is the frequency of religious practice.
The results showed huge differences between countries. Indonesia came out on top with an average score of 8. 93, while Japan sat at the bottom with 5. 81 — a gap of more than three full points on a ten-point scale.
When researchers looked at who tended to feel most grateful across all countries, a few patterns emerged. Older people, women, married people, those with more education, and people who attend religious services frequently tended to report higher gratitude. The biggest gap of any demographic factor was tied to religious service attendance: people who went more than once a week scored about 1. 08 points higher than those who never went. But here is what makes this study so interesting — these patterns did not hold everywhere.
In Egypt, people who never attended religious services actually reported the highest gratitude. In India and the Philippines, younger people felt more grateful than older folks. And in Japan, even though most people reported no religion at all, those who did attend services still scored higher. This tells us that gratitude is shaped by culture, context, and personal experience in ways that don't follow one universal rule.
On the 0-10 gratitude scale, Indonesia had the highest mean gratitude at 8.93 while Japan had the lowest at 5.81, a gap of 3.12 points across the 22 countries studied.
The largest pooled within-group difference in mean gratitude was between those attending religious services more than once a week (8.54) and those never attending (7.46) on the 0-10 scale.
The Gini coefficient for gratitude inequality was highest in Türkiye (0.22) and lowest in Indonesia and Mexico (0.09), indicating greater dispersion of gratitude scores in some countries than others.
Those who attended religious services more than once a week had the highest mean gratitude in 20 of the 22 countries studied, with the Philippines and Egypt being the only exceptions.
What if childhood poverty, trauma, and family breakups have almost no universal link to adult religious belief?
Across 22 countries, belief in God, gods, or spiritual forces ranges from a staggering 100% in Egypt to just 20% in Japan.
Surprisingly, difficult childhood experiences like abuse or feeling like an outsider can make a person more likely to believe in life after death.
While 95% of people in Indonesia believe in life after death, only 21% of people in Japan do.

In Tanzania, over 80% of people share their faith with others, while in Japan, that number is only 4%.
In Indonesia, 94% of people say religion guides their whole life, but in Japan, that number is only 7%.