How Your Childhood Shapes Your Sense of Belonging
Going to religious services as a kid could make you feel more connected as an adult—or more isolated, depending on where you live.
Childhood antecedents of adult place satisfaction in 22 countries
A person's childhood experiences, including family relationships, financial stability, and health, have a lasting influence on how satisfied they are with the city or area where they live in adulthood.
Negative childhood experiences, such as abuse, feeling like an outsider, or financial hardship, are consistently linked to lower satisfaction with one's living environment later in life across many different countries.
The impact of specific childhood factors on adult place satisfaction varies significantly across different countries, highlighting the importance of cultural and societal context.
“Happy cities are not simply built with parks and transit; they are built upon the foundation of happy childhoods.”
This research is more than just an interesting look at the past; it's a guide for building better futures. It shows that creating cities where people feel happy and connected isn't just about parks, public transport, or economic opportunities. It starts much earlier, with the well-being of children. If we want adults who are invested in their communities, we need to invest in their childhoods. This means creating policies that support family stability, reduce childhood poverty, and protect kids from trauma and abuse. When we ensure children have a secure and loving start, we're not just helping them—we're laying the groundwork for a society of adults who have a stronger sense of belonging and satisfaction with the places they call home. In short, happy cities are built on the foundation of happy childhoods. This study urges policymakers and city planners to think beyond bricks and mortar and focus on the human experiences that make a place feel like home.
“Happy cities are not simply built with parks and transit; they are built upon the foundation of happy childhoods.”
Ever wonder why some people deeply love their city while others can't wait to leave? A massive new study suggests the answer might be rooted in our childhood. Researchers explored this idea by analyzing data from over 200,000 people across 22 countries, asking a simple but profound question: can our early life experiences predict how satisfied we are with where we live as adults?
“Our sense of belonging isn't just about the here and now; it’s a story that began long ago in our childhood homes.”
The findings paint a clear picture: our past follows us. The study found that positive childhood experiences act like a strong foundation for future happiness. People who grew up with loving and supportive parents, were in good health, and lived in financially stable homes were more likely to be happy with their city or town later in life. For example, having a very good relationship with a parent was associated with a 4% increase in the likelihood of feeling satisfied with one's place.
Conversely, difficult childhoods cast a long shadow. Those who experienced physical or sexual abuse, felt like an outsider in their own family, or grew up with financial hardship were significantly less likely to feel content with their community as adults. Experiencing abuse was linked to a 6% drop in satisfaction, and feeling like an outsider was linked to a 5% drop. The study also uncovered fascinating cultural differences. While parental divorce generally predicted lower satisfaction, in Japan it was linked to *higher* satisfaction.
And while growing up financially comfortable was a plus in most places, it had a particularly strong positive effect in Nigeria. This shows that while our childhood matters universally, our culture helps write the story of how these experiences affect us. The core message is that our sense of belonging isn't just about the here and now; it’s a story that began long ago in our childhood homes.
In Hong Kong, adults who were physically or sexually abused as children were 19% less likely to be satisfied with where they live.
In Japan, having a good relationship with one's father during childhood was associated with an 11% higher likelihood of being satisfied with their place of residence as an adult.
Individuals who identified their gender as "Other" were only 0.22 times as likely to report place satisfaction compared to men, though this finding is highly uncertain due to a small sample size.
The effect of childhood religious attendance varied widely, being associated with a 10% increase in place satisfaction in Poland but a 10% decrease in South Africa.
Counted, V., Weziak-Bialowolska, D., Cowden, R. G., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025). Childhood antecedents of adult place satisfaction in 22 countries. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-00731-x
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