Who Hurts the Most Around the World?
Where you live might determine how much you hurt: people in Egypt are more than twice as likely to report being in pain as those in Israel.
Demographic variation in self-rated physical health across 22 countries: findings from the Global Flourishing Study
Surprisingly, people in some developing, non-Western countries like Indonesia and Nigeria reported higher average physical health than people in many economically developed nations like Japan and the UK.
While self-rated health generally declines with age, this trend is not universal, as some countries show higher health ratings among both the youngest and oldest adults.
Demographic factors such as employment status, education level, and religious service attendance are meaningfully associated with self-rated physical health across many different countries.
“Improving a nation’s health means looking beyond economic growth to the cultural and social factors that help people feel well.”
This research is important because it forces us to rethink the simple link between money and health. For governments and public health organizations, it’s a clear signal that improving a nation’s well-being isn’t just about economic growth. We need to understand the cultural and social factors that help people feel healthy, even in places with fewer resources. The study reveals hidden inequalities. By showing how health perceptions differ by gender, education, or employment within a country, it gives leaders a map to find and support the most vulnerable groups. Most importantly, this study provides a global baseline. By following these 200,000 people over time, researchers will be able to move from "what" to "why." They can start to uncover the specific causes of well-being, offering powerful lessons that could help people everywhere live healthier, more flourishing lives.
“Improving a nation’s health means looking beyond economic growth to the cultural and social factors that help people feel well.”
Imagine you were asked, "On a scale of 0 to 10, how would you rate your physical health?" How would your answer compare to someone living on the other side of the world? That's what a massive global study of over 200,000 people in 22 countries set out to discover.
“People in some of the world's wealthiest nations report feeling less physically healthy than those in several developing countries.”
The researchers wanted to understand not just how healthy people feel, but how factors like age, gender, job, and education change that feeling from one place to another. The results were not what you might expect. The study found that people in some of the world's wealthiest, most developed countries—like Japan, the UK, Sweden, and Germany—reported some of the lowest levels of physical health. On the other hand, people in several developing, non-Western nations like Indonesia, Nigeria, and Kenya reported feeling the healthiest.
This surprising discovery challenges the common assumption that more national wealth automatically means people feel healthier. The study also looked at who feels healthiest within countries. Generally, younger people, men, those who were employed or students, and people who attended religious services tended to give higher ratings. But these rules weren't universal. For example, while men often reported better health, in Japan, women did.
And while health ratings often declined with age, in the USA, older adults reported surprisingly high levels of health. This shows that our sense of health is deeply personal and shaped by the culture and community we live in. It’s not just about our bodies, but about our expectations, our social connections, and what it means to be "well" in our corner of the world.
On a 10-point scale, average self-rated health in Indonesia was 2.3 points higher than in Japan, highlighting a wide variation in health perceptions across countries.
The Gini coefficient, a measure of inequality, was 2.2 times higher in India than in Indonesia, indicating that self-rated health was much more unequally distributed among the population in India.
Globally, individuals who attended religious services more than once a week reported an average physical health score 8.5% higher than those who never attended.
On average across 22 countries, self-rated physical health was 1.2 points lower for adults aged 80 or older compared to those aged 18-24.
Bradshaw, M., Kent, B. V., Levin, J., Wortham, J. S., Pertel, N. L., VanderWeele, T. J., & Johnson, B. R. (2025). Demographic variation in self-rated physical health across 22 countries: findings from the Global Flourishing Study. BMC Global and Public Health, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s44263-025-00141-1
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