The Childhood Roots of Our Adult Communities
The single biggest predictor of joining a book club as an adult might be whether you went to religious services as a child.
Community participation in secular and religious contexts across sociodemographic groups in 22 countries
Across 22 countries, weekly attendance at religious services is more common and varies more dramatically between nations than weekly participation in secular groups.
Participation in religious and secular communities appears to be complementary, as people who attend religious services are consistently more likely to also engage in secular groups.
On average, younger, single, and more educated people tend to participate more in secular groups, while older, married, and less educated people participate more in religious communities.
This research is vital for anyone trying to tackle the global epidemic of loneliness. It shows that there is no one-size-fits-all solution to building community, and that different groups of people find belonging in different places. For community leaders and policymakers, the key takeaway is that religious organizations are powerful engines of social connection. Their influence doesn't stop at the door of the church, mosque, or temple; it spills over into wider civic life.
“To build a stronger social fabric, we must see religious groups as powerful engines of connection for wider civic life.”
Understanding this link is crucial. Instead of seeing secular and religious groups as separate, we can see them as partners. Efforts to increase volunteering and civic engagement may be far more successful if they include faith communities. The study also highlights vulnerable groups, like the unemployed, who participate less in both types of communities and may need targeted support. Ultimately, this knowledge helps us build a stronger, more inclusive social fabric where more people can find a place to belong.
“To build a stronger social fabric, we must see religious groups as powerful engines of connection for wider civic life.”
In a world where many feel isolated, where do people find a sense of community? To find out, researchers looked at data from over 200,000 people across 22 countries, asking about their involvement in two kinds of groups: secular ones (like sports teams, book clubs, or political organizations) and religious ones (like attending services). The study found that who participates, and where, varies a lot around the globe.
“Attending religious services doesn't pull people away from society, but often acts as a springboard into the broader community.”
On average, younger, single, and more educated people were more likely to join secular groups. In contrast, older, married, and less educated people were more likely to attend religious services weekly. For example, in Nigeria, 87% of people attend religious services weekly, while in Japan, that number is only 3%. But here’s the most surprising discovery: these two types of community aren't in competition.
In fact, they seem to support each other. Across all 22 countries studied, people who regularly attended religious services were also significantly more likely to participate in secular groups. It seems that involvement in a faith community doesn't pull people away from the rest of society. Instead, it often acts as a springboard, encouraging them to get more involved in their broader community. This suggests that religious practice and secular community life can be complementary, working together to build a more connected world.
The rate of weekly religious service attendance varied by 84 percentage points between the most observant country, Nigeria (87%), and the least observant, Japan (3%).
People who attended religious services more than once a week were 2.8 times more likely to also participate weekly in secular groups than those who never attended religious services.
On average across 22 countries, 24% of young adults aged 18-24 participated in secular groups at least weekly, a higher rate than for any other age group over 30.
Overall, participants were nearly twice as likely to attend religious services weekly (32%) as they were to participate in secular groups weekly (17.7%).
Chen, Y., Case, B. W., Long, K. N. G., Woodberry, R. D., Kim, E. S., Padgett, R. N., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025). Community participation in secular and religious contexts across sociodemographic groups in 22 countries. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-22806-5
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