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Character & Virtue20258 min read

Who Forgives? A Global Look at Letting Go

Sociodemographic variation in dispositional forgivingness: a cross-national analysis with 22 countries

Notable finding

Forgiveness rates range from 92% in Nigeria to 41% in Türkiye.

By
Cowden, Richard G. et al.
Participants
202,898
Countries
22
Journal
Scientific Reports
DOI
10.1038/s41598-024-82502-8
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§1

Key Takeaways

01

The tendency to forgive others varies substantially across different countries, with Nigeria reporting the highest levels and Türkiye the lowest.

02

Globally, people who attend religious services more frequently and older adults report being more forgiving.

03

The relationship between demographic factors like age or gender and forgivingness is not universal, but instead varies significantly from one country to another.

§2

Why It Matters

Understanding where forgiveness thrives and falters is the first step toward building healthier societies.

This research matters because forgiveness is linked to better mental and physical health, yet most of what we knew came from small, Western samples. By using nationally representative data from 22 diverse countries, this study provides the first reliable global benchmarks for forgivingness. For public health professionals, these benchmarks can guide where and how to target forgiveness-promoting interventions. For policymakers, the data reveal which subpopulations — such as younger adults or those less engaged with religious communities — may benefit most from resources that support emotional healing. The finding that patterns vary so much by country also underscores that one-size-fits-all approaches will not work. Understanding who forgives — and who struggles to — is a first step toward helping more people let go of resentment and experience the health benefits that come with it.

This research matters because forgiveness is linked to better mental and physical health, yet most of what we knew came from small, Western samples. By using nationally representative data from 22 diverse countries, this study provides the first reliable global benchmarks for forgivingness. For public health professionals, these benchmarks can guide where and how to target forgiveness-promoting interventions. For policymakers, the data reveal which subpopulations — such as younger adults or those less engaged with religious communities — may benefit most from resources that support emotional healing. The finding that patterns vary so much by country also underscores that one-size-fits-all approaches will not work. Understanding who forgives — and who struggles to — is a first step toward helping more people let go of resentment and experience the health benefits that come with it.

Understanding where forgiveness thrives and falters is the first step toward building healthier societies.

§3

The Story

We all get hurt by people. But how often do we actually forgive them? Researchers asked over 200,000 people in 22 countries how often they forgive those who have hurt them.

Forgiveness is not just a personal choice; it is deeply connected to the culture and society we inhabit.

The answers varied widely. In Nigeria, 92% of people said they 'often' or 'always' forgive others. In Türkiye, only 41% said the same. This study is the first to use nationally representative data to map forgivingness across the globe.

When researchers looked at what personal traits went along with higher forgivingness, two patterns stood out. First, people who attended religious services more than once a week tended to report the highest levels of forgivingness. Second, older adults — especially those 80 and up — tended to forgive more often than younger adults. But these patterns were not universal. In some countries, the differences between age groups or religious attendance groups were small or even reversed.

The study also found that when averaged across all countries, forgivingness was similar between men and women, between people with different education levels, and between immigrants and non-immigrants. However, within individual countries, there were sometimes notable differences along these lines. For example, in Japan and Poland, women tended to report higher forgivingness than men, even though this difference was not visible when all countries were combined. These findings suggest that forgiveness is deeply personal but also shaped by culture, age, and religious life in ways that differ from place to place.

Figure
2.2x
Cross-National Forgiveness Gap

People in Nigeria, the most forgiving country surveyed, were more than twice as likely to report being highly forgiving compared to people in Türkiye, the least forgiving country.

Figure
92%
Highest Forgivingness Rate

In Nigeria, 92% of the population reported 'often' or 'always' forgiving others, the highest proportion among the 22 countries studied.

Figure
41%
Lowest Forgivingness Rate

In Türkiye, only 41% of the population reported 'often' or 'always' forgiving others, the lowest proportion among the 22 countries studied.

Figure
+18 points
Religious Attendance and Forgiveness

People who attend religious services more than once a week were 18 percentage points more likely to report being highly forgiving compared to those who never attend.

Figures
2.2x
Cross-National Forgiveness Gap

People in Nigeria, the most forgiving country surveyed, were more than twice as likely to report being highly forgiving compared to people in Türkiye, the least forgiving country.

92%
Highest Forgivingness Rate

In Nigeria, 92% of the population reported 'often' or 'always' forgiving others, the highest proportion among the 22 countries studied.

41%
Lowest Forgivingness Rate

In Türkiye, only 41% of the population reported 'often' or 'always' forgiving others, the lowest proportion among the 22 countries studied.

+18 points
Religious Attendance and Forgiveness

People who attend religious services more than once a week were 18 percentage points more likely to report being highly forgiving compared to those who never attend.

§4

Reader Questions

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Research Details
& Citation

Chat with this paper
Published
2025
Journal
Scientific Reports
Participants
202,898
Countries
22
Cite this paper
Cowden, R. G., Worthington, E. L., Chung, C. A., De Kock, J. H., Weziak-Bialowolska, D., Yancey, G., Shiba, K., Padgett, R. N., Bradshaw, M., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025). Sociodemographic variation in dispositional forgivingness: a cross-national analysis with 22 countries. Scientific Reports, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-82502-8
Tags
forgivenessagereligion-spiritualitycross-culturalpublic-health
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