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A cross-national analysis of sociodemographic variation in suffering across 22 countries
The proportion of people experiencing significant suffering varies considerably across countries, with rates in the highest-suffering nation, Türkiye, being more than double those in the lowest-suffering nation, Poland.
Across all 22 nations, people who are separated from their spouse, unemployed, or have eight or fewer years of education consistently report the highest levels of suffering.
While some sociodemographic patterns are consistent, the specific groups most vulnerable to suffering often differ from one country to another, indicating that local context is important.
“Tracking suffering like a disease reveals how social and economic forces shape our deepest forms of distress.”
This research is groundbreaking because it creates the first-ever 'epidemiology of suffering'—a way to track this deep form of distress across whole populations, just like we track diseases. For policymakers, this is a powerful new tool. By identifying which countries and which groups—like the unemployed or those with less education—are most vulnerable, governments can design more effective support systems. This could mean creating better job placement programs, funding adult education, or providing more support for people going through a separation. For science, it proves that suffering is a distinct experience, different from depression or anxiety, and that it's shaped by broad social and economic forces. For all of us, this study is a reminder that when people hurt, it's often not just a personal issue. It’s connected to the stability of their job, their relationships, and the society they live in. Understanding this helps build a more compassionate and effective approach to improving global well-being.
“Tracking suffering like a disease reveals how social and economic forces shape our deepest forms of distress.”
Have you ever felt like you were suffering, even if you weren't physically sick? Researchers are now treating this feeling as a major public health issue, and for the first time, they've created a global map of it. In a massive study involving over 200,000 people across 22 countries, scientists asked a simple but profound question: 'To what extent are you suffering?'
“Across the globe, instability in our jobs, relationships, and opportunities can cause a deep and personal pain.”
The answers revealed a startling picture of our world. The amount of suffering varies dramatically from one country to another. In places like Türkiye and the Philippines, around 60% of people said they were experiencing 'some' or 'a lot' of suffering. But in Poland and Indonesia, that number dropped to about 25%.
This shows that our environment—our country's economy, culture, and social fabric—plays a huge role in our inner lives. The study also zoomed in to see who suffers most within these countries. Across the globe, a few patterns emerged. People who were separated from a spouse, unemployed and looking for work, or had eight years or less of education consistently reported higher levels of suffering. This suggests that instability in our relationships, finances, and opportunities can cause a deep, personal pain that goes beyond just feeling sad or stressed.
Other factors like age, gender, and religion had different effects depending on the country, highlighting how complex suffering truly is. This research is a first step in understanding suffering not just as an individual problem, but as a shared, global challenge.
Türkiye had the highest proportion of people reporting some or a lot of suffering, with 60% of its population endorsing this experience.
The rate of suffering in Türkiye, the country with the highest proportion, was 2.5 times greater than in Poland, the country with the lowest proportion.
Across 22 countries, 54% of people who were unemployed and looking for a job reported experiencing some or a lot of suffering.
Individuals with 8 or fewer years of education were 9 percentage points more likely to report suffering compared to those with 16 or more years of education.
Cowden, R. G., Chen, Z. J., Wilkinson, R., Weziak-Bialowolska, D., Breedlove, T., Gundersen, C., Shiba, K., Padgett, R. N., Johnson, B. R., & VanderWeele, T. J. (2025). A cross-national analysis of sociodemographic variation in suffering across 22 countries. Communications Medicine, 5(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43856-025-00859-x
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